Could CRISPR Cure the Common Cold... and More?

May 3,2018

Unraveling the secrets contained in the human genome could be the most important medical discovery of our time. The first challenge was to understand the instructions coded in DNA that creates a functioning human. With Step one in the book, now researchers worldwide are being challenged to derive meaningful knowledge from the tons of data that has been collected on DNA sequencing. Armed with a group of new genome editing technologies, scientists today are able to add, remove or alter genetic materials at particular locations in a living organism.

One of the most recent gene editing tools is CRISPR-Cas9, or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR associated protein 9. Yes, it is a mouthful marbles to say but (due to its cost, speed and accuracy) CRISPR is the most efficient genome editing method created, so far. It was adapted from a naturally occurring genome editing system that is inherent in bacteria. Medical researchers have long wondered why viruses are unable to attack and eventually destroy bacteria. Now, they know that bacteria capture snippets of DNA from the invading virus.

The bacteria's genome editing system then creates DNA segments known as CRISPR arrays. These arrays allow bacteria previously attacked by a virus to remember the virus as well as closely related ones that may have morphed from the host. When the viruses attack again, the bacteria produce RNA segments from the CRISPR arrays to target the DNA of the viruses. Using a CRISPR-associated protein 9, or a similar enzyme, the bacteria cuts the DNA apart to disable each virus. Today, the latest CRISPR technology is applied similarly in the research lab. Scientists create a small piece of RNA with a sequence that binds to a specific target sequence of DNA in a genome.

The modified RNA recognizes the DNA sequence and the Cas9 protein enzyme severs the targeted DNA. Once cut, researchers can use the cell's innate ability to make repairs to add or delete genetic material, then make changes by inserting a customized DNA sequence. Scientist around the world are excited about the possibilities of applying genome editing to address human diseases, including single-gene disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. Although many studies will be needed to determine which treatments and preventive protocols hold the most promise for more complex diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, HIV and mental illness.

While research continues in laboratories around the globe, bioethicists and social activists will present endless arguments as to the pros and cons of gene editing. It could become a scientific war between nations as some countries are already allowing genome research on nonviable embryos. As the rest of us wait, washing your hands and having regular medical checkups are your best options for managing many diseases, including the common cold. If you're sick or need an annual physical exam, contact either PrimeMED location and schedule an appointment with a board-certified physician today.